Modulaciones de la microbiota fecal como factor de riesgo y cuantificación pronóstica para el cáncer colorrectal: una revisión de la literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24859/SaberDigital.2025v18n1.1644Palabras clave:
Neoplasias Colorrectales, Microbioma Gastrointestinal, Dieta, Biomarcadores de TumorResumen
Introducción: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es un tumor maligno de alta incidencia en Brasil que genera una significativa morbimortalidad y elevados costos para la salud pública. Los casos están en aumento, principalmente entre los jóvenes, debido a los estilos de vida, especialmente los hábitos alimenticios que alteran la microbiota intestinal del huésped, lo que constituye un factor carcinogénico. Objetivo: Correlacionar la microbiota con la incidencia de CCR, donde la alimentación actúa como factor de riesgo y protector, además de que esta alteración microbiológica puede servir como un posible biomarcador tumoral para métodos de detección y pronóstico. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en PubMed y en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud utilizando los descriptores “colorectal cancer” y “fecal microbiome”. Se incluyeron publicaciones de los últimos 5 años, ensayos clínicos controlados, estudios observacionales y textos completos. Se excluyeron artículos de revisión, pagos y fuera del tema propuesto. Se analizaron 22 artículos. Resultados y discusión: A través de los estudios analizados, se observó que bacterias como Fusobacterium nucleatum condicionan un ambiente proinflamatorio y afectan la carcinogénesis de las células intestinales. Se señaló la dieta como un importante factor de riesgo (carne roja, alimentos procesados) y también protector (fibras, vegetales), influyendo directamente en el estado inflamatorio. Las alteraciones en la composición de la microbiota permiten su uso como biomarcadores de CCR, con posible aplicabilidad en el diagnóstico, la evaluación del tratamiento y su eficacia. Conclusión: Las bacterias favorecen la aparición del CCR a través de metaplasias condicionadas por la virulencia aumentada por la alimentación, y su análisis puede funcionar como un biomarcador tumoral eficiente para el diagnóstico, la evaluación terapéutica y el pronóstico.
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